Generally, agricultural drought is related to soil moisture, hydrologic drought to runoff and streamflow, meteorological drought to precipitation, and socioeconomic drought to the disparity between the supply and demand for water wilhite and glantz 1985. Climate change and global warming scenario is likely to increase worsening drought across the world. This work focused on the hydrologic drought defined by the streamflow drought index sdi for overlapping periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months at 14 hydrometric stations in the northwest of iran over the period 19752009. Drought policy development and assessment in east africa using hydrologic and system dynamics modeling. Although hydrological drought and agricultural drought start. Drought is a normal part of virtually all climatic regions, including areas with high and low average rainfall. Droughts can be classified as meteorological, hydrologic, agricultural, and socioeconomic. Causes for hydrologic extremes in the upper missouri river basin. The usgs closely monitors the effects of drought through data collection and research. All the hydrological variables used in the study were simulated using the lisflood model fed by. Palmer drought indices north american drought portal.
Theres hydrologic drought, in which rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers draw. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the development and recovery of hydrological drought. Linked with drought management and impact reduction goals triggers can be set so that certain percentile will invoke responses that will produce a desired percentage reduction in water use. Hydrologists as distinct from economists or social scientists define drought according to water deficits in some component of the hydrological cycle precipitation, soil moisture, river flow and groundwater or the impact on the level of service provided to public water supply, irrigation or hydropower demands. There is a difference between low flow conditions and meteorological drought. Drought is the consequence of anticipated natural precipitation reduction over an extended period of time, usually a season or more in length. Pdf hydrological drought download full pdf book download. Hydrological drought forecasting and skill assessment for the. In addition, the drought and low water supplies affect recreation, power production, other industries, and small and large communities. The hydrologic drought of 2012 as observed in data from wisconsins surface and groundwater networks charles dunning, usgs wisconsin water science center mike parsen, wisconsin geological and natural history survey, university of wisconsin extension.
By combining different types of analysis we hope to prove whether climate or. Links various categories of meteorological and hydrological drought to agricultural impacts, focusing primarily on soil water deficits and differences between actual and potential evapotranspiration situations with insufficient soil moisture level to meet the plant needs during growing season. The phdi responds more slowly to changing conditions than the. During drought, streamflow is affected by several factors in addition to the lack of precipitation. The report demonstrates a strong physical connection between the increased frequency of high annual runoff events in the umrb and the increase in. Due to the fact that regions are interconnected by hydrologic systems. Weaver explains that streamflows respond more quickly to changing climate conditions than. Droughttrigger indices assess drought conditions in a specific time. Overview of drought and hydrologic conditions in the. Palmer drought severity index as a measure of hydrologic.
A drought index is often a single number characterising the general drought behaviour at a measurement site, whereas a drought event definition is applied to select drought events in a time series including the beginning and end of the droughts. Handbook of drought indicators and indices drought. Work by the usgs north carolina water science center has shown the time lag among precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater levels as hydrologic conditions move into and out of drought usgs sir 20055053 by j. Comparison of two hydrological drought indices sciencedirect.
Global drought monitoring and forecasting based on satellite data and land surface modeling justin sheffield, eric f. Usgs science supports water managers in preparing for possible future drought by providing information that takes into account longterm hydrologic, climatic, and environmental changes. The frequency and severity of hydrological drought is often defined on a watershed or river basin scale. Moreover, two missions targeted at measuring nearsurface soil moisture with ideal sensor.
At each time step, individual drought clusters are. In our case, the observational atmospheric forcing comes from the realtime nldas. Unlike floods, earthquakes, and other natural events, drought is a creeping phenomenon, which often lacks a welldefined beginning or end. Theres meteorological drought, in which snow and rainfall are abnormally scarce. Recurrence analysis of hydrologic droughts of differing. A hydrological drought index for the clutha catchment, new. Defining drought 2 01 2 dr ou g ht b r o c h u r e 2 there are many ways that drought can be defined. A hybrid drought index combining meteorological, hydrological, and. The palmer drought severity index pdsi for climatic divisions in new jersey is compared to the occurrence within each climatic division of streamflows in their lower quartile for the month streamflow index and groundwater levels in their lower quartile for the month groundwater index. Drought is a complex natural hazard that impacts ecosystems and society in many ways. The seasonal hydrologic forecast system consists four components as illustrated in the figure.
However, generally localized floods were numerous, but. The atlas depicts the spatial variation of drought severity for durations of 3, 6, 12, and 24 months corresponding to the return periods of 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. Many of these impacts are associated with hydrological drought drought in rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Pdf drought is a hazard that occurs everywhere in the world both in dry and in wet areas. After an extremely wet period during 198286 in northern and western nevada. Zolotokrylin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss agricultural, and hydrologic phenomena. Hydrological drought deficit, however, is governed by average catchment. Global drought monitoring and forecasting based on. Pdf nonlinear relationship of hydrological drought. Hydrological drought explained wiley online library.
Keyantash department of earth sciences, california state university, dominguez hills, carson, california, usa john a. Hydrological drought indices take into account water management and streamflow, lake and reservoir levels, and other longerterm hydrologic impacts. Us and global drought, drought monitoring, drought. The palmer hydrological drought index phdi, another longterm drought index, was developed to quantify these hydrological effects. Return levels of hydrologic droughts under climate change. Skill of hydrological drought forecasts outperforms. Twentiethcentury drought in the conterminous united states.
Drought, being a complex in nature it is difficult to define, quantify. This paper presents a hydrologic drought atlas for the state of texas. Droughts are stochastic in nature, therefore, statistical assessment of droughts is an attractive approach for water resources planning and management. This can be done uising the hydrologic model vic forced with observational atmospheric forcing.
Ghataprabha river originates in western ghats in maharashtra state at the height of 884 m and flow eastern side for length of 283 km and finally it joins to krishna river at bagalkot in karnataka state. Use of a standardized runoff index for characterizing hydrologic drought shraddhanand shukla1 and andrew w. This drought, which spread from the eastern united states, where it was referred to as the drought of the century, through the midwest to the west coast, brought to mind the dust bowl era of the 1930s. In order to merge the efforts and share experiences it is. Set initial conditions tab for a date with data in the hydrodss, c, a view of the ii. Some of the commonly used definitions conceptual are.
Geological survey usgs in cooperation with the rhode island water resources board riwrb for use in the analysis of hydrologic variables that may indicate the risk for streamflows to be below userdefined flow targets at a designated site of interest, which is defined herein as datacollection site. Accurate characterization of hydrological drought at regional level is challenging. Introduction drought is a deficiency in precipitation over an extended period, usually a season or more, resulting in a water shortage causing adverse impacts on vegetation, animals, and. However, it causes extraordinary economic and social distress that can impact hundreds of thousands of people or more. It differs from the aforementioned types of drought because its occurrence depends on the time and space processes of supply and demand to identify or classify droughts. The six year shortfall in rain and snow has resulted in runoff about half average, causing major shortages in water supply for most california users. Chapter 2 the hydrological cycle university of iceland. Hydrologic drought indices generally, when three of the four major hydrologic indices reach a designated threshold, a corresponding drought phase is assigned. For example, agricultural and hydrological droughts appear when the water shortage significantly affects the agricultural or hydrologic activity.
The dyk is a suite of notes that attempt to explain or clarify complex climate phenomena, climate monitoring products and methodologies, and climate system insights. Drought indices drought progression and recession getting into a drought and getting out of drought. The hydrologic drought of 2012 as observed in data from. Set initial conditions tab for a date without data in the hydrodss, b, the view of the i. Agricultural droughts can come and go quickly, and a single large rain such as the passage of a tropical storm can effectively end a shortterm drought in a short time period. Many of these impacts are associated with hydrological drought drought. The hydrologic drought decision support system hydrodss was developed by the u. Hydrologic drought atlas for texas journal of hydrologic. Study on the driving mechanism of hydrologic drought in karst. Although the drought of 198788 had about the same severity as the drought of 197677, continued growth and development have heightened the concerns about the effects of the most recent drought. In this study, a methodology of frequency and risk analysis of hydrologic droughts, defined as an event during which the streamflow is continuously below a certain truncation level, is formulated. With belowaverage snowpack and severe water shortages again in 2015, a shortterm issue for.
Chapter 2 the hydrological cycle the hydrologiccycle is a conceptual model thatdescribes the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and the hydrosphere see figure2. This paper summarises different techniques for defining a drought. The preforecast processor creates the initial condition for the forecast. Use of a standardized runoff index for characterizing. Hydrological drought severity explained by climate and catchment. This paper focuses on agricultural and hydrologic drought over the continental united states. Venkatesh merwade drought is a natural disaster that affects millions of people across the globe. Please refer to the table, hydrologic drought indices and phases below. Hydrologic droughtprojection analysis form showing a, the initial view of the i. Hydrological drought is associated with the effects of periods of precipitation including snowfall shortfalls on surface or subsurface water supply i. For example, a prolonged dry period during the summer may substantially lower the yield of crops due to a shortage of soil moisture in the plant root zone but have. The hydrology of the 1987 1992 california drought this paper summarizes the hydrologic facts of the 19871992 california drought, which continues in northern california.
Annual characterization of regional hydrological drought. The study area is the ghataprabha river basin, a subbasin of krishna river in india. Figure 1 illustrates the hydrologic land surface data assimilation challenge to merge the. Hydrologic drought can be defined as a period during which streamflow is inadequate to supply established uses under a given watermanagement system. Assessing drought severity based on fluctuations in the hydrologic cycle and surface water storage john a. Hydrologic drought a hydrologic drought is a longterm water deficit that can build up over months and. Meteorological drought indices do not take into account human impacts on the water balance, such as irrigation. This report describes the drought and hydrologic conditions in the united states and southern canada during the 198690 water years. A comprehensive approach to assess the hydrological drought of. Hydrologic drought decision support system hydrodss. Full cdrom and report onlinevirtual cdrom iso file see instructions for creating a. Pdf drought is a complex natural hazard that impacts ecosystems and society in many ways. At each time step, individual drought clusters are identi. Drought is 10 a complex natural hazard, which is a composition of many factors such as hydrological, meteorological and agricultural.
Socioeconomic definitions of drought associate the supply and demand of some economic good with elements of meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought. Drought is a naturally occurring periodical event associated with significant decrease of water availability over a region. Explaining hydrologic extremes in the upper missouri river. These indices are found to have distinct properties. David lobell, stanford university introduction monitoring drought globally is challenging because of the lack of dense insitu hydrologic data in many regions. Many of these impacts are associated with hydrological drought drought in rivers, lakes. Drought is a natural and worldwide phenomenon that occurs when water availability is significantly below normal levels during a significant period of time and cannot meet demand.
Hydrological drought assessment in northwestern iran based. Drought is normal drought is a normal, recurrent aspect of oklahomas climate. The terms drought event definition and drought index are frequently being confused. Nonlinear relationship of hydrological drought responding to meteorological drought and impact of a large reservoir article pdf available in journal of hydrology 551 june 2017 with 851 reads. Drought in california department of water resources. Water on this planet can be stored in any one of the followingreservoirs.
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